1.關(guān)于英國(guó)或英語(yǔ)的文化常識(shí)

英國(guó)維多利亞時(shí)代公元1840年，英國(guó)貝德芙公爵夫人安娜女士，每到下午時(shí)刻就意興闌珊、百無(wú)無(wú)聊，心想此時(shí)距離穿著正式、禮節(jié)繁復(fù)的晚餐Party還有段時(shí)間，又感覺(jué)肚子有點(diǎn)餓了，就請(qǐng)女仆準(zhǔn)備幾片烤面包、奶油以及茶。

后來(lái)安娜女士邀請(qǐng)幾位知心好友伴隨著茶與精致的點(diǎn)心，同享輕松愜意的午后時(shí)光，沒(méi)想到一時(shí)之間，在當(dāng)時(shí)貴族社交圈內(nèi)蔚為風(fēng)尚，名媛仕女趨之若鶩；一直到今天，已儼然形成一種優(yōu)雅自在的下午茶文化，也成為正統(tǒng)的“英國(guó)紅茶文化”，這也是所謂的《維多利亞下午茶》的由來(lái)。

最初只是在家中用高級(jí)、優(yōu)雅的茶具來(lái)享用茶，后來(lái)漸漸的演變成招待友人歡聚的社交茶會(huì)，進(jìn)而衍生出各種禮節(jié)，但現(xiàn)在形式已簡(jiǎn)化不少。雖然下午茶現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)簡(jiǎn)單化，但是茶正確的沖泡方式、喝茶的擺設(shè)要優(yōu)雅、豐盛的茶點(diǎn)，這三點(diǎn)則被視為吃茶的傳統(tǒng)而繼續(xù)流傳下來(lái)。

營(yíng)造全然的維多利亞式氣氛

在英國(guó)的維多利亞式下午茶傳統(tǒng)里，以家中最好的房間（如Solon）、及最好的瓷器接待來(lái)賓是絕對(duì)必要的，而上等的茶品與精致的點(diǎn)心則是下午茶的主角； 悠揚(yáng)的古典音樂(lè)來(lái)陪襯，加上輕松自在的心情與知心好友共度一個(gè)優(yōu)雅、悠哉的午后。

正統(tǒng)英式維多利亞下午茶的生活文化內(nèi)涵

英國(guó)在維多利亞女皇時(shí)代（公元1837~1901）是大英帝國(guó)最強(qiáng)盛的時(shí)代，文化藝術(shù)蓬勃發(fā)展；人們醉心于追求藝術(shù)文化的內(nèi)涵及精致生活品味。

維多莉亞下午茶是一門(mén)綜合的藝術(shù)，簡(jiǎn)樸卻不寒酸，華麗卻不庸俗…雖然喝茶的時(shí)間與吃的東西（指純英式點(diǎn)心）是正統(tǒng)英式下午茶最重要的一環(huán)，但是少了好的茶品、磁器、音樂(lè)、甚至好心情，則喝下午茶就顯得美中不足了。

隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步及茶類(lèi)的種類(lèi)繁多，不但下午茶的花樣多，選擇也多，如果利用一個(gè)午后，和親密的朋友來(lái)段午后之約，何嘗不是件賞心悅目的事。

2.英美文化常識(shí)

一。（一）美國(guó)貨幣

美國(guó)貨幣由美元dollar和美分cent組成，one dollar等于100 cents。其紙幣bill有一、二、五、十、二十、五十和一百美元等面值；硬幣（coin）有一美分（或a penny）、五美分（或a nickel）、十美分（或a dime）和二十五美分（或a quarter）等。在數(shù)字前加$表示美元，如：$500表示五百美元；在數(shù)字后加C表示美分，如：50C表示50美分；表示由美元和美分組成的錢(qián)數(shù)時(shí)，常用$表示，如：$6.50。

（二）英國(guó)貨幣

英國(guó)貨幣由英鎊（pound）和便士（pence）組成，也分為紙幣notes和硬幣coins。紙幣有面值五鎊、十鎊、二十鎊和五十鎊；而硬幣，即金屬貨幣有一便士、二便士、五便士、十便士、二十便士、五十便士和一鎊等。若指一定數(shù)額的硬幣，通常用piece，如2P(pieces)；隨身帶的硬幣可用change表示。100 pence等于1 pound。在數(shù)字前加￡表示多少英鎊，如：￡800為800英鎊；在數(shù)字后加P表示多少便士，如：5P表示五便士（penny的復(fù)數(shù)）；表示由英鎊和便士組成的錢(qián)數(shù)時(shí)通常不說(shuō)出pence，如3鎊50便士可說(shuō)成￡3.50或three pounds and fifty。

3.關(guān)于英國(guó)或英語(yǔ)的文化常識(shí)

英語(yǔ)姓名的一般結(jié)構(gòu)為：教名+自取名+姓。如 William Jafferson Clinton。

但在很多場(chǎng)合中間名往往略去不寫(xiě)，如 George Bush，而且許多人更喜歡用昵稱(chēng)

取代正式教名，如 Bill Clinton。上述教名和中間名又稱(chēng)個(gè)人名?，F(xiàn)將英語(yǔ)民族

的個(gè)人名、昵稱(chēng)和姓氏介紹如下：

I. 個(gè)人名

按照英語(yǔ)民族的習(xí)俗，一般在嬰兒接受洗禮的時(shí)候，由牧師或父母親朋為其

取名，稱(chēng)為教名。以后本人可以在取用第二個(gè)名字，排在教名之后。

英語(yǔ)個(gè)人名的來(lái)源大致有以下幾種情況：

1. 采用圣經(jīng)、希臘羅馬神話(huà)、古代名人或文學(xué)名著中的人名作為教名。

2. 采用祖先的籍貫，山川河流，鳥(niǎo)獸魚(yú)蟲(chóng)，花卉樹(shù)木等的名稱(chēng)作為教名。

3. 教名的不同異體。

4. 采用（小名）昵稱(chēng)。

5. 用構(gòu)詞技術(shù)制造新的教名，如倒序，合并。

6. 將母親的娘家姓氏作為中間名。

英語(yǔ)民族常用的男子名有：James, John, David, Daniel, Michael， 常見(jiàn)的

女子名為：Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah, Catherine.

II. 昵稱(chēng)

昵稱(chēng)包括愛(ài)稱(chēng)、略稱(chēng)和小名，是英語(yǔ)民族親朋好友間常來(lái)表示親切的稱(chēng)呼，

是在教名的基礎(chǔ)上派生出來(lái)的。通常有如下情況：

1. 保留首音節(jié)。如 Donald =>Don, Timothy =>Tim. 如果本名以元音開(kāi)頭，

則可派生出以'N'打頭的昵稱(chēng)，如：Edward =>Ned.

2. +ie 或 -y 如：Don =>Donnie, Tim =>Timmy.

3. 采用尾音節(jié)，如：Anthony =>Tony, Beuben =>Ben.

4. 由一個(gè)教名派生出兩個(gè)昵稱(chēng)，如：Andrew =>Andy & Drew.

5. 不規(guī)則派生法，如：William 的一個(gè)昵稱(chēng)是 Bill.

III. 姓氏

英國(guó)人在很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間里只有名而沒(méi)有姓。直到16世紀(jì)姓氏的使用才廣泛

流行開(kāi)來(lái)。英語(yǔ)姓氏的詞源主要有：

1. 直接借用教名，如 Clinton.

2. 在教名上加上表示血統(tǒng)關(guān)系的詞綴，如后綴-s, -son, -ing；前綴 M'-, Mc-,

Mac-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。

3. 在教名前附加表示身份的詞綴，如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-.

4. 放映地名，地貌或環(huán)境特征的，如 Brook, Hill等。

5. 放映身份或職業(yè)的，如：Carter, Smith.

6. 放映個(gè)人特征的，如：Black, Longfellow.

7. 借用動(dòng)植物名的，如 Bird, Rice.

8. 由雙姓合并而來(lái)，如 Burne-Jones.

英語(yǔ)姓氏雖然出現(xiàn)較教名晚，但數(shù)量要多得多。常用的有：Smith, Miller,

Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams.

IV. 幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明

1. 較早產(chǎn)生的源于圣經(jīng)，希臘羅馬神話(huà)的教名通常不借用為姓氏。

2. 英國(guó)人習(xí)慣上將教名和中間名全部縮寫(xiě)，如 M. H. Thatcher；美國(guó)人則習(xí)慣

于只縮寫(xiě)中間名，如 Ronald W. Reagan。

3. 在姓名之前有時(shí)還要有人際稱(chēng)謂，如職務(wù)軍銜之類(lèi)。Dr., Prof., Pres. 可以

用于姓氏前或姓名前；而Sir 僅用于教名或姓名前。

4.200字左右的英美國(guó)家文化背景知識(shí),英文

a.part 1

The uk is one nation,with a single government having sovereignty over it all,but as the full name of the nation suggests,it is made up of different clements.it includes 4 parts within the nation-state:the island of great Britain is made up of England,Scotland and wales,and northern Ireland,completes the set.

England is a highly urbanized country,with 80% of its population living in city,and only 2% of the population working in agriculture.its largest city is the capital,London,which is dominant in the uk in all fields:government,finance,and culture.england is physically the largest of the four nations,and it has by far the largest population.so oddly,of the four nations,the English feel not british,and therefore have the weakest sense of themselves as a separate “english” culture within Britain.

Scotland si the second largest of the four nations,both in population and in geographical area.scotland si the most rugged part of the uk,and three quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland area.the largest city is Glasgow,in the west of this zone,but their capital city is Edinburgh.

Wales in an impartant element in britain's industrial revolution,as it had rich coal deposits.the capital city of wales is Cardiff.wales is just larger than northern Ireland.wales retains a powerful sense of its own lantuage,welsh.

Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations.both in area and population.its capital,Belfast is a relatively small town of around 350.000 people.northern Ireland is small but significant because of the political troubles there.phusically,it is mostly rural,with low hills,a beautiful lake district in the south-west,and a rugged coastline.northern Ireland of Britain is a province on the neighbouring island of Ireland.

5.英美文化的介紹（用英語(yǔ)）

英美文化背景知識(shí) Education in Britain and The US In Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in. Subject In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum（課程）， which was introduced in 1988 and sets out（制定） in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested. The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach. In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers（祈禱） and religious（宗教的） instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs（信仰）. Examinations At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment（評(píng)價(jià)） of work done during the two year course, or both of these things. At 18 some students taken A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or polytechnic（綜合技術(shù)大學(xué)）. In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate（證書(shū)） of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree. In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years. Social Events and Ceremonies（儀式） In American high schools there is a formal ceremony for Graduation (=completion of high school). Students wear a special cap and gown and receive a diploma（文憑） from the head of the school. Students often buy a class ring to ear, and a yearbook, containing pictures of their friends and teachers. There are also special social events at American schools. Sports events are popular, and cheer leaders lead the school in supporting the school team and singing the school song. At the end of their junior year, at age 17 or 18, students held in the evening. The girls wear long evening dresses and the boys wear TUXEDOS. In Britain, there are no formal dances or social occasions（場(chǎng)合） associated（和。

有關(guān)） with school life. Some schools have SPEECH DAY at the end of the school year when prizes are given to the best students and speeches are made by the head teacher and sometimes an invited guest. However, in many British schools students and teachers organize（組織） informal dances for the older students.。

6.以下英語(yǔ)讀物有哪些適合高一的新生

《新概念》第二冊(cè)以上

文化背景知識(shí)類(lèi)： 英美概況；英語(yǔ)節(jié)假日介紹；英美國(guó)家的風(fēng)土人情；風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣小說(shuō)類(lèi)： Treasure Island 《金銀島》 Tom Sawyer 《湯姆索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》 Robinson Crusoe 《魯賓遜漂流記》 Travels Across American 《美國(guó)之旅》 Kids Make A Difference 《別小看孩子》 Steve Jobs 《喬布斯傳》 Twilight 《暮光之城》 Harry Potter 《哈利波特》 迪士尼電影讀物系列報(bào)刊雜志類(lèi)： 21stCentury （二十一世紀(jì)英文報(bào)） 廣州英文早報(bào)； 瘋狂英語(yǔ)